【Linux】如何在Ubuntu 20.04上设置Apache虚拟主机

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16 October 2023

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How To Set Up Apache Virtual Hosts on Ubuntu 20.04

Introduction

Apache HTTP服务器是一款流行的开源web服务器，它为开发人员提供了灵活性、强大功能和广泛支持。Apache服务器配置不是在一个单一的文件中进行的，而是通过模块化设计进行的，在模块化设计中，可以根据需要添加和修改新文件。在这个模块化设计中，您可以创建一个单独的站点或域，称为虚拟主机。

使用虚拟主机，一个Apache实例可以为多个网站提供服务。使用Apache配置的每个域或单个站点都会将访问者引导到保存该站点信息的特定目录。这是在没有向访问者指示同一服务器也负责其他站点的情况下完成的。这个方案是可扩展的，没有任何软件限制，只要你的服务器可以处理负载。

在本指南中，您将在Ubuntu 20.04服务器上设置Apache虚拟主机。在此过程中，您将学习如何通过创建两个虚拟主机站点，根据不同访问者请求的域，为他们提供不同的内容。

Prerequisites

Before you begin this tutorial, you will need:

An Ubuntu 20.04 server with a non-root user with sudo privileges. You can use our Initial Server Setup with Ubuntu 20.04 guide to set this up.
Apache installed on the server. You can learn how by completing steps 1-3 on our How To Install the Apache Web Server on Ubuntu 20.04 tutorial.

If you are using DigitalOcean, you can learn how to set up domains by following our product documentation, How to Add Domains.

In order to successfully complete this tutorial, you will need two domains with:

An A record with your_domain pointing to your server’s public IP address.
An A record with www.your_domain pointing to your server’s public IP address.

For other providers, please refer to their relevant product documentation.

Note: If you do not have domains available at this time, you can use test values locally on your computer. Step 6 of this tutorial will show you how to test and configure your test values. This will allow you to validate your configuration even though your content won’t be available to other visitors through the domain name.

Step 1 — Creating the Directory Structure

The first step is to create a directory structure that will hold the site data that you will be serving to visitors.

Your document root, the top-level directory that Apache looks at to find content to serve, will be set to individual directories under the /var/www directory. You will create a directory here for each of the virtual hosts.

Within each of these directories, you will create a public_html directory. The public_html directory contains the content that will be served to your visitors. The parent directories, named here as your_domain_1 and your_domain_2, will hold the scripts and application code to support the web content.

Use these commands, with your own domain names, to create your directories:

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/your_domain_1/public_html
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/your_domain_2/public_html

Be sure to replace your_domain_1 and your_domain_2 with your own respective domains. For example, if one of your domains was example.com you would create this directory structure: /var/www/example.com/public_html.

Step 2 — Granting Permissions

You’ve created the directory structure for your files, but they are owned by the root user. If you want your regular user to be able to modify files in these web directories, you can change the ownership with these commands:

sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/your_domain_1/public_html
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/your_domain_2/public_html

The $USER variable will take the value of the user you are currently logged in as when you press ENTER. By doing this, the regular user now owns the public_html subdirectories where you will be storing your content.

You should also modify your permissions to ensure that read access is permitted to the general web directory and all of the files and folders it contains so that the pages can be served correctly:

sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www

Your web server now has the permissions it needs to serve content, and your user should be able to create content within the necessary folders. The next step is to create content for your virtual host sites.

Step 3 — Creating Default Pages for Each Virtual Host

With your directory structure in place, you can start focusing on each individual virtual host site and the content within that site. Start by creating an index.html page for your first site your_domain_1.

Open and create the index.html file with your preferred text editor. This example uses nano:

nano /var/www/your_domain_1/public_html/index.html

Within this file, create an HTML file that indicates to visitors which site they are connected to:

/var/www/your_domain_1/public_html/index.html

<html>
  <head>
    <title>Welcome to your_domain_1!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Success! The your_domain_1 virtual host is working!</h1>
  </body>
</html>

To save and close the file in nano, start by pressing CTRL+X. Press Y when prompted to save the file, then press ENTER when you are finished to exit.

Next, copy this file to use as the base for your second site by typing:

cp /var/www/your_domain_1/public_html/index.html /var/www/your_domain_2/public_html/index.html

Then open this new file and modify the relevant pieces of information using your text editor like before:

nano /var/www/your_domain_2/public_html/index.html

/var/www/your_domain_2/public_html/index.html

<html>
  <head>
    <title>Welcome to your_domain_2!</title>
  </head>
  <body> <h1>Success! The your_domain_2 virtual host is working!</h1>
  </body>
</html>

Save and close this file. You now have one page for each site that you can use to test the virtual host configuration.

Step 4 — Creating New Virtual Host Files

Virtual host files are the files that specify the actual configuration of your virtual hosts and dictates how the Apache web server will respond to various domain requests.

Apache comes with a default virtual host file called 000-default.conf. You can copy this file to create virtual host files for each of your domains.

Copy the default configuration file over to the first domain:

sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain_1.conf

Be aware that the default Ubuntu configuration requires that each virtual host file end in .conf.

Open the new file in your preferred text editor with root privileges:

sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain_1.conf

With comments removed, the file will be similar to this: